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公海公约

科普小知识 2024-04-17 23:17:50
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公海公约于1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦召开的第一次联合国海洋法会议上通过,1962年9月30日1958年2月24日参加本公约的国家共有五十多个。

中文名:公海公约

外文名:GENEVACONVENTIONONTHEHIGHSEAS

时间:1958年2月24日

生效:1958年2月24日

地点:联合国海洋法会议

1、中文正文


公海公约

公海公约

(1958年4月29日订于日内瓦)

本公约当事各国,

深愿编纂关于公海之国际法规则,

鉴于自1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦举行之联合国海洋法会议通过下列条款,概括宣示国际法上之确定原则,

议定条款如下:

第1条

称“公海”者谓不属领海或一国内水域之海洋所有各部分。

第2条

公海对各国一律开放,任何国家不得有效主张公海任何部分属其主权范围。公海*依本条款及国际法其他规则所规定之条件行使之。公海*,对沿海国及非沿海国而言,均包括下列等项:

(1)航行*;

(2)捕鱼*;

(3)敷设海底电缆与管线之*,

(4)公海上空飞行之*。

各国行使以上各项*及国际法一般原则所承认之其他*应适当顾及其他国家行使公海*之利益。

第3条

1.无海岸国家应可*通达海洋,俾与沿海国家以平等地位享有海洋*。为此目的,凡位于海洋与无海岸国间之国家应与无海岸国相互协议,依照现行国际公约:

(a)准许无海岸国根据交互原则*过境;

(b)对于悬挂该国国旗之船舶,在出入及使用海港事宜上准其与本国船舶或任何他国船舶享受平等待遇。

2.凡位于海洋与无海岸国间之国家,对于一切有关过境*及海港内平等待遇之事项如其本国及无海岸国均尚非现行国际公约之当事国,应与后者相互协议,参酌沿海国或被通过国之权利及无海岸国之特殊情况解决之。

第4条

各国无论是否沿海国均有权在公海上行驶悬挂本国国旗之船舶。

第5条

1.各国应规定给予船舶国籍、船舶在其境内登记及享有悬挂其国旗权利之条件。船舶有权悬挂一国国旗者具有该国国籍。国家与船舶之间须有真正联系;国家尤须对悬挂其国旗之船舶在行政、技术及社会事宜上切实行使管辖及管制。

2.各国对于准享悬挂其国旗权利之船舶,应发给有关证书。

第6条

1.船舶应仅悬挂一国国旗航行,除有国际条约或本条款明文规定之例外情形外,在公海上专属该国管辖。船舶除其所有权确实移转或变更登记者外,不得于航程中或在停泊港内更换其国旗。

2.船舶如悬挂两个以上国家之国旗航行,权宜换用,不得对他国主张其中任何一国之国籍,且得视同无国籍船舶。

第7条

前列各条之规定不影响供*间组织公务用途并悬挂该组织旗帜之船舶问题。

第8条

1.军舰在公海上完全免受船旗国以外任何国家之管辖。

2.本条款所称“军舰”谓属于一国海军,备具该国军舰外部识别标志之船舶,由*正式任命之军官指挥,指挥官姓名见于海军名册,其船员服从正规海军纪律者。

第9条

一国所有或经营之船舶专供*非商务用途者,在公海上完全免受,船旗国以外任何国家之管辖。

第10条

1.各国为确保海上安全,应为悬挂本国国籍之船舶采取有关下列等款之必要办法:

(a)信号之使用、通讯之维持及碰撞之防止;

(b)船舶人员之配置及船员之劳动条件,其办法应参照可适用之国际劳工文书;

(c)船舶之构造、装备及适航能力。

2.各国采取此办法,须遵照公认之国际标准并采取必要步骤,确保此项办法之遵守。

第11条

1.船舶在公海上发生碰撞或其他航行事故致船长或船上任何其他服务人员须负刑事责任或受惩戒时,对此等人员之刑事诉讼或惩戒程序非向船旗国或此等人员隶籍国之司法或行政机关不得提起之。

2.如系惩戒事项,惟有发给船长证书或资格证书或执照之国家有权于经过适当法律程序后宣告撤销此项证书,持证人纵非发给证书国之国民亦同。

3.除船旗国之机关外,任何机关不得命令逮捕或扣留船舶,纵使借此进行调查亦所不许。

第12条

各国应责成悬挂本国国旗船舶之船长在不甚危害船舶、船员或乘客之范围内:

(a)对于在海上发现有淹没危险之人,予以救助;

(b)于据告有人遇难亚需救助理当施救时尽速前往援救;

(c)于碰撞后,对于他方船舶、船员及乘客予以救助,并于可能时将其船舶名称、船籍港及开往之最近港口告知他方船舶。

2.各沿海国应为海面及其上空之安全提倡举办并维持适当与有效之搜寻及救助事务,如环境需要,并与邻国互订区域办法,为此目的从事合作。

第13条

各国应采取有效措施以防止并惩治准悬其国旗之船舶贩运奴隶,并防止非法使用其国旗从事此种贩运。凡逃避至任何船舶之奴隶,不论船舶悬何国旗,应当然获得*。

第14条

各国应尽量合作取缔公海上或不属任何国家管辖之其他处所之海盗行为。

第15条

海盗指下列任何行为:

(1)私有船舶或私有航空器之航员或乘客为私人目的,对下列之人或物实施任何不法之强暴行为、扣留行为或任何掠夺行为:

(a)公海上另一船舶或航空器,或其上之人或财物;

(b)不属任何国家管辖之处所内之船舶、航空器、人或财物;

(2)明知使船舶或航空器成为海盗船舶或航空器之事实而自愿参加其活动;

(3)教唆或故意便利本条第一款或第二款所称之行为。

第16条

军舰、*船舶或*航空器之航员叛变并控制该船舶或航空器而犯第15条所称之海盗行为者,此等行为视同私有船舶所实施之行为。

第17条

船舶或航空器,其居于主要控制地位之人意图用以实施第15条所称行为之一者,视为海盗船舶或航空器。凡经用以实施此项行为之船舶或航空器,仍在犯此行为之人控制之下者,亦同。

第18条

船舶或航空器虽已成为海盗船舶或航空器,仍得保有其国籍。国籍之保有或丧失依给予国籍国家之法律定之。

第19条

各国得在公海上或不属任何国家管辖之其他处所逮捕海盗船舶或航空器,或以海盗行为劫取并受海盗控制之船舶,逮捕其人员并扣押其财物。逮捕国之法院得判决应处之刑罚,并得判定船舶、航空器或财物之处置,但须尊重善意第三人之权利。

第20条

逮捕涉有海盗行为嫌疑之船舶或航空器如无充分理由,对于因逮捕而发生之任何损失或损害,逮捕国应向船舶或航空器之隶籍国负赔偿之责。

因有海盗行为而须逮捕,惟军舰或军用航空器,或经授予此权之他种*事务船舶或航空器,始得为之。

1.除干涉行为出于条约授权之情形外,军舰对公海上相遇之外国商船非有适当理由认为有下列嫌疑,不得登临该船:

(a)该船从事海盗行为;或

(b)该船从事贩卖奴隶;或

(C)该船悬挂外国国旗或拒不举示其国旗,而事实上与该军舰属同一国籍。

2.遇有前项(a)(b)(c)三款所称之情形,军舰得对该船之悬旗权利进行核查。为此目的,军舰得派由军官指挥之小艇前往嫌疑船舶。船舶文书经检验后,倘仍有嫌疑,军舰得在船上进一步施行检查,但须尽量审慎为之。

3.倘嫌疑查无实据,被登临之船舶并无任何行为足以启疑,其所受之任何损失或损害应予赔偿。

第23条

1.沿海国主管机关有正当理由认为外国船舶违犯该国法律规章时得进行紧追。此项追逐必须于外国船舶或其所属小艇之一在追逐国之内水、领海或毗连区内时开始,且须未曾中断方得在领海或毗连区外继续进行。在领海或毗连区内之外国船舶接获停船命令时,发令船舶无须同在领海或毗连区以内。倘外国船舶系在领海及毗连区公约第24条所称之毗连区内,惟有于该区设以保障之权利遭受侵害时,方得追逐之。

2.紧追权在被追逐之船舶进入其本国或第三国之领海时即告终止。

3.紧追非俟追逐船舶以可能采用之实际方法认定被追逐之船舶、或所属小艇之一、或与该船合作并以该船为母舰之其他船只,确在领海界限或毗连区以内,不得认为业已开始。惟有在外国船舶视听所及之距离内发出视觉或听觉之停船信号后,方得开始追逐。

4.紧追权仅得由军舰或军用航空器,或经特别授予此权之他种*事务船舶或航空器行使之。

5.航空器实行紧追时:

(a)准用本条第一项至第三项之规定;

(b)发出停船命令之航空器必须自行积极追逐船舶,直至其所召唤之沿海国船舶或航空器前来接替追逐时为止,但其本身即能逮捕船舶者不在此限。如航空器仅发现船舶犯法或有犯法嫌疑,而其本身或接替追逐未曾中断之其他航空器或船舶未命令停船并予追逐,不足以构成在公海上逮捕之正当理由。

6.凡在一国管辖范围内被逮捕而经解送该国海港交主管机关审讯之船舶不得仅以该船在押解途中因环境需要,渡过一部分公海为理由而要求释放。

7.倘船舶在公海上*停船或被逮捕,而按当时情形紧追权之行使并无正当理由,其因而所受之任何损失或损害应予赔偿。

第24条

各国应参酌现行关于防止污染海水之条约规定制订规章,以防止因船舶或管线排放油料或因开发与探测海床及其底土而污染海水。

第25条

1.各国应参照主管国际组织所订定之标准与规章,采取办法,以防止倾弃放射废料而污染海水。

2.各国应与主管国际组织合作采取办法,以防止任何活动因使用放射材料或其他有害物剂而污染海水或其上空。

第26条

1.各国均有权在公海海床敷设海底电缆及管线。

2.沿海国除为探测大陆架及开发其天然资源有权采取合理措施外,对于此项电缆或管线之敷设或维护,不得阻碍。

3.敷设此项电缆或管线时,当事国对于海床上原已存在之电缆或管线应妥为顾及,尤不得使原有电缆或管线之修理可能,受有妨碍。

第27条

各国应采取必要立法措施,规定凡悬挂其国旗之船舶或属其管辖之人如故意或因过失破坏或损害公海海底电缆,致使电报或电话通讯停顿或受阻,或以同样情形破坏或损害海底管线或高压电缆,概为应予处罚之罪行。此项规定不适用于个人基于保全其生命或船舶之正当目的,虽曾为避免破损作一切必要之预防而仍发生之任何破坏或损害情事。

第28条

各国应采取必要立法措施,规定凡受该国管辖之公海海底电缆或管线所有人因敷设或修理此项电缆或管线致有破坏或损害另一电缆或管线之情事者,应偿付其修理费用。

第29条

各国应采取必要立法措施,确保船舶所有人之能证明其为避免损害海底电缆或管线而捐弃一锚、一网或其他渔具者向电缆或管线所有人取得赔偿,但以船舶所有人事先曾采取一切合理之预防措施为条件。

第30条

本公约之条款对于现已生效之公约或其他国际协定,就其当事各国间关系言,并不发生影响。

第31条

本公约在1958年10月31日以前听由联合国或任何专门机关之全体会员国及经由联合国大会邀请参加为本公约当事一方之任何其他国家签署。

第32条

本公约应予批准。批准文件应送交联合国秘书长存放。

第33条

本公约应听由属于第31条所称任何一类之国家加入。加入文件应送交联合国秘书长存放。

第34条

1.本公约应于第二十二件批准或加入文件送交联合国秘书长存放之日后第三十日起发生效力。

2.对于在第二十二件批准或加入文件存放后批准或加入本公约之国家,本公约应于各该国存放批准或加入文件后第三十日起发生效力。

第35条

1.缔约任何一方得于本公约生效之日起满五年后随时书面通知联合国秘书长请求修改本公约。

2.对于此项请求应采何种步骤,由联合国大会决定之。

第36条

联合国秘书长应将下列事项通知联合国各会员国及第31条所称之其他国家:

(a)依第31条、第32条及第33条对本公约所为之签署及送存之批准或加入文件。;

(b)依第34条本公约发生效力之日期;

(c)依第35条所提关于修改本公约之请求。

第37条

本公约之原本应交联合国秘书长存放,其中文、英文、法文、俄文及西班牙文各本同一作准;秘书长应将各文正式副本分送第31条所称各国

为此,下列全权代表各秉本国*正式授予签字之权,谨签字于本公约,以昭信守。

1958年4月29日订于日内瓦。

2、英文正文

GENEVACONVENTIONONTHEHIGHSEAS,1958

THESTATESPARTIESTOTHISCONVENTION

DESIRINGtocodifytherulesofinternationallawrelatingtothehighseas,

RECOGNISINGthattheUnitedNationsConferenceontheLawoftheSea,heldatGenevafromFebruary24toApril27,1958,adoptedthefollowingprovisionsasgenerallydeclaratoryofestablishedprinciplesofinternationallaw,

HAVEAGREEDasfollows:

Article1

Theterm“highseas”meansallpartsoftheseathatarenotincludedintheterritorialseaorintheinternalwatersofaState.

Article2

Thehighseasbeingopentoallnations,noStatemayvalidlypurporttosubjectanypartofthemtoitssovereignty.FreedomofthehighseasisexercisedundertheconditionslaiddownbytheseArticlesandbytheotherrulesofinternationallaw.Itcomprises,interalia,bothforcoastalandnon-coastalStates:

(1)Freedomofnavigation;

(2)Freedomoffishing;

(3)Freedomtolaysubmarinecablesandpipelines;

(4)Freedomtoflyoverthehighseas.

Thesefreedoms,andotherswhicharerecognisedbythegeneralprinciplesofinternationallaw,shallbeexercisedbyallStateswithreasonableregardtotheinterestsofotherStatesintheirexerciseofthefreedomofthehighseas.

Article3

1.InordertoenjoythefreedomoftheseasonequaltermswithcoastalStates,Stateshavingnosea-coastshouldhavefreeaccesstothesea.TothisendaStatesituatedbetweentheseaandaStatehavingnosea-coastshallbycommonagreementwiththelatterandinconformitywithexistinginternationalconventionsaccord:

(a)totheStatehavingnosea-coast,onabasisofreciprocity,freetransitthroughtheirterritory,and

(b)toshipsflyingtheflagofthatStatetreatmentequaltothataccordedtotheirownships,ortotheshipsofanyotherStates,asregardsaccesstoseaportsandtheuseofsuchports.

2.StatessituatedbetweentheseaandaStatehavingnosea-coastshallsettle,bymutualagreementwiththelatter,andtakingintoaccounttherightsofthecoastalStateorStateoftransitandthespecialconditionsoftheStatehavingnosea-coast,allmattersrelatingtofreedomoftransitandequaltreatmentinports,incasesuchStatesarenotalreadypartiestoexistinginternationalconventions.Article4

EveryState,whethercoastalornot,hastherighttosailshipsunderitsflagonthehighseas.

Article5

1.EachStateshallfixtheconditionsforthegrantofitsnationalitytoships,fortheregistrationofshipsinitsterritory,andfortherighttoflyitsflag.ShipshavethenationalityoftheStatewhoseflagtheyareentitledtofly.TheremustexistagenuinelinkbetweentheStateandtheship,inparticular,theStatemusteffectivelyexerciseitsjurisdictionandcontrolinadministrative,technicalandsocialmattersovershipsflyingitsflag.

2.EachStateshallissuetoshipstowhichithasgrantedtherighttoflyitsflagdocumentstothateffect.

Article6

1.ShipsshallsailundertheflagofoneStateonlyand,saveinexceptionalcasesexpresslyprovidedforininternationaltreatiesorintheseArticles,shallbesubjecttoitsexclusivejurisdictiononthehighseas.Ashipmaynotchangeitsflagduringavoyageorwhileinaportofcall,saveinthecaseofarealtransferofownershiporchangeofregistry.

2.AshipwhichsailsundertheflagsoftwoormoreStates,usingthemaccordingtoconvenience,maynotclaimanyofthenationalitiesinquestionwithrespecttoanyotherState,andmaybeAssimilatedtoashipwithoutnationality.

Article7

TheprovisionsoftheprecedingArticlesdonotprejudicethequestionofshipsemployedontheofficialserviceofanintergovernmenta

lorganisationflyingtheflagoftheorganisation.

Article8

1.WarshipsonthehighseashavecompleteimmunityfromthejurisdictionofanyStateotherthantheflagState.

2.ForthepurposesoftheseArticles,theterm“warship”meansashipbelongingtothenavalforcesofaStateandbearingtheexternalmarksdistinguishingwarshipsofitsnationality,underthecommandofanofficerdulycommissionedbythegovernmentandwhosenameappearsintheNavyList,andmannedbyacrewwhoareunderregularnavaldiscipline.

Article9

ShipsownedoroperatedbyaStateandusedonlyongovernmentnon-commercialserviceshall,onthehighseas,havecompleteimmunityfromthejurisdictionofanyStateotherthantheflagState.

Article10

1.EveryStateshalltakesuchmeasuresforshipsunderitsflagasarenecessarytoensuresafetyatseawithregardinteraliato:

(a)theuseofsignals,themaintenanceofcommunicationsandthepreventionofcollisions;

(b)themanningofshipsandlabourconditionsforcrewstakingintoaccounttheapplicableinternationallabourinstruments;

(c)theconstruction,equipmentandseaworthinessofships.

2.IntakingsuchmeasureseachStateisrequiredtoconformtogenerallyacceptedinternationalstandardsandtotakeanystepswhichmaybenecessarytoensuretheirobservance.

Article11

1.Intheeventofacollisionorofanyotherincidentofnavigationconcerningashiponthehighseas,involvingthepenalordisciplinaryresponsibilityofthemasterorofanyotherpersonintheserviceoftheship,nopenalordisciplinaryproceedingsmaybeinstitutedagainstsuchpersonsexceptbeforethejudicialoradministrativeauthoritieseitheroftheflagStateoroftheStateofwhichsuchpersonisanational.

2.IndisciplinarymatterstheStatewhichhasissuedamaster'scertificateoracertificateofcompetenceorlicenceshallalonebecompetent,afterduelegalprocess,topronouncethewithdrawalofsuchcertificates,eveniftheholderisnotanationaloftheStatewhichissuedthem.

3.Noarrestordetentionofaship,evenasameasureofinvestigation,shallbeorderedbyanyauthoritiesotherthanthoseoftheflagState.

Article12

1.EveryStateshallrequirethemasterofashipsailingunderitsflag,insofarashecandosowithoutseriousdangertotheship,thecreworthepAssengers,

(a)torenderAssistancetoanypersonfoundatseaindangerofbeinglost;

(b)toproceedwithallpossiblespeedtotherescueofpersonsindistressifinformedoftheirneedofAssistance,insofarassuchactionmayreasonablybeexpectedofhim;

(c)afteracollision,torenderAssistancetotheothership,hercrewandherpAssengersand,wherepossible,toinformtheothershipofthenameofhisownship,herportofregistryandthenearestportatwhichshewillcall.

2.EverycoastalStateshallpromotetheestablishmentandmaintenanceofanadequateandeffectivesearchandrescueserviceregardingsafetyonandovertheseaand-wherecircumstancessorequire-bywayofmutualregionalarrangementsco-operatewithneighbouringStatesforthispurpose.

Article13

EveryStateshalladopteffectivemeasurestopreventandpunishthetransportofslavesinshipsauthorisedtoflyitsflag,andtopreventtheunlawfuluseofitsflagforthatpurpose.Anyslavetakingrefugeonboardanyship,whateveritsflag,shallipsofactobefree.

Article14

AllStatesshallco-operatetothefullestpossibleextentintherepressionofpiracyonthehighseasorinanyotherplaceoutsidethejurisdictionofanyState.

Article15

Piracyconsistsofanyofthefollowingacts:

(1)Anyillegalactsofviolence,detentionoranyactofdepredation,c

ommittedforprivateendsbythecreworthepAssengersofaprivateshiporaprivateaircraft,anddirected:

(a)Onthehighseas,againstanothershiporaircraft,oragainstpersonsorpropertyonboardsuchshiporaircraft;

(b)Againstaship,aircraft,personsorpropertyinaplaceoutsidethejurisdictionofanyState;

(2)Anyactofvoluntaryparticipationintheoperationofashiporofanaircraftwithknowledgeoffactsmakingitapirateshiporaircraft;

(3)Anyactofincitingorofintentionallyfacilitatinganactdescribedinsubparagraph(1)orsubparagraph(2)ofthisArticle.

Article16

Theactsofpiracy,asdefinedinArticle15,committedbyawarship,governmentshiporgovernmentaircraftwhosecrewhasmutiniedandtakencontroloftheshiporaircraftareAssimilatedtoactscommittedbyaprivateship.

Article17

AshiporaircraftisconsideredapirateshiporaircraftifitisintendedbythepersonsindominantcontroltobeusedforthepurposeofcommittingoneoftheactsreferredtoinArticle15.Thesameappliesiftheshiporaircrafthasbeenusedtocommitanysuchact,solongasitremainsunderthecontrolofthepersonsguiltyofthatact.

Article18

Ashiporaircraftmayretainitsnationalityalthoughithasbecomeapirateshiporaircraft.TheretentionorlossofnationalityisdeterminedbythelawoftheStatefromwhichsuchnationalitywasoriginallyderived.

Article19

Onthehighseas,orinanyotherplaceoutsidethejurisdictionofanyState,everyStatemayseizeapirateshiporaircraft,orashiptakenbypiracyandunderthecontrolofpirates,andarrestthepersonsandseizethepropertyonboard.ThecourtsoftheStatewhichcarriedouttheseizuremaydecideuponthepenaltiestobeimposed,andmayalsodeterminetheactiontobetakenwithregardtotheships,aircraftorproperty,subjecttotherightsofthirdpartiesactingingoodfaith.

Article20

Wheretheseizureofashiporaircraftonsuspicionofpiracyhasbeeneffectedwithoutadequategrounds,theStatemakingtheseizureshallbeliabletotheStatethenationalityofwhichispossessedbytheshiporaircraft,foranylossordamagecausedbytheseizure.

Article21

Aseizureonaccountofpiracymayonlybecarriedoutbywarshipsormilitaryaircraft,orothershipsoraircraftongovernmentserviceauthorisedtothateffect.

Article22

1.Exceptwhereactsofinterferencederivefrompowersconferredbytreaty,awarshipwhichencountersaforeignmerchantshiponthehighseasisnotjustifiedinboardingherunlessthereisreasonablegroundforsuspecting:

(a)Thattheshipisengagedinpiracy;or

(b)Thattheshipisengagedintheslavetrade;or

(c)That,thoughflyingaforeignflagorrefusingtoshowitsflag,theshipis,inreality,ofthesamenationalityasthewarship.

2.Inthecasesprovidedforinsubparagraphs(a),(b)and(c)above,thewarshipmayproceedtoverifytheship'srighttoflyitsflag.Tothisend,itmaysendaboatunderthecommandofanofficertothesuspectedship.Ifsuspicionremainsafterthedocumentshavebeenchecked,itmayproceedtoafurtherexaminationonboardtheship,whichmustbecarriedoutwithallpossibleconsideration.

3.Ifthesuspicionsprovetobeunfounded,andprovidedthattheshipboardedhasnotcommittedanyactjustifyingthem,itshallbecompensatedforanylossordamagethatmayhavebeensustained.

Article23

1.ThehotpursuitofaforeignshipmaybeundertakenwhenthecompetentauthoritiesofthecoastalStatehavegoodreasontobelievethattheshiphasviolatedthelawsandregulationsofthatState.Suchpursuitmustbecommencedwhentheforeignshiporoneofitsboatsiswithintheinternalwat

ersortheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszoneofthepursuingState,andmayonlybecontinuedoutsidetheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszoneifthepursuithasnotbeeninterrupted.Itisnotnecessarythat,atthetimewhentheforeignshipwithintheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszonereceivestheordertostop,theshipgivingtheordershouldlikewisebewithintheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszone.Iftheforeignshipiswithinacontiguouszone,asdefinedinArticle24oftheConventionontheTerritorialSeaandtheContiguousZone,thepursuitmayonlybeundertakeniftherehasbeenaviolationoftherightsfortheprotectionofwhichthezonewasestablished.

2.TherightofhotpursuitceasesassoonastheshippursuedenterstheterritorialseaofitsowncountryorofathirdState.

3.Hotpursuitisnotdeemedtohavebegununlessthepursuingshiphassatisfieditselfbysuchpracticablemeansasmaybeavailablethattheshippursuedoroneofitsboatsorothercraftworkingasateamandusingtheshippursuedasamothershiparewithinthelimitsoftheterritorialsea,orasthecasemaybewithinthecontiguouszone.Thepursuitmayonlybecommencedafteravisualorauditorysignaltostophasbeengivenatadistancewhichenablesittobeseenorheardbytheforeignship.

4.Therightofhotpursuitmaybeexercisedonlybywarshipsormilitaryaircraft,orothershipsoraircraftongovernmentservicespeciallyauthorisedtothateffect.

5.Wherehotpursuitiseffectedbyanaircraft:

(a)Theprovisionsofparagraphs1to3ofthepresentArticleshallapplymutaitsmutandis;

(b)TheaircraftgivingtheordertostopmustitselfactivelypursuetheshipuntilashiporaircraftofthecoastalState,summonedbytheaircraft,arrivestotakeoverthepursuit,unlesstheaircraftisitselfabletoarresttheship.Itdoesnotsufficetojustifyanarrestonthehighseasthattheshipwasmerelysightedbytheaircraftasanoffenderorsuspectedoffender,ifitwasnotbothorderedtostopandpursuedbytheaircraftitselforotheraircraftorshipswhichcontinuethepursuitwithoutinterruption.

6.ThereleaseofashiparrestedwithinthejurisdictionofaStateandescortedtoaportofthatStateforthepurposesofanenquirybeforethecompetentauthorities,maynotbeclaimedsolelyonthegroundthattheship,inthecourseofitsvoyage,wasescortedacrossaportionofthehighseas,ifthecircumstancesrenderedthisnecessary.

7.Whereashiphasbeenstoppedorarrestedonthehighseasincircumstanceswhichdonotjustifytheexerciseoftherightofhotpursuit,itshallbecompensatedforanylossordamagethatmayhavebeentherebysustained.Article24

EveryStateshalldrawupregulationstopreventpollutionoftheseasbythedischargeofoilfromshipsorpipelinesorresultingfromtheexploitationandexplorationoftheseabedanditssubsoil,takingaccountofexistingtreatyprovisionsonthesubject.

Article25

1.EveryStateshalltakemeasurestopreventpollutionoftheseasfromthedumpingofradioactivewaste,takingintoaccountanystandardsandregulationswhichmaybeformulatedbythecompetentinternationalorganisations.

2.AllStatesshallco-operatewiththecompetentinternationalorganisationsintakingmeasuresforthepreventionofpollutionoftheseasorairspaceabove,resultingfromanyactivitieswithradioactivematerialsorotherharmfulagents.

Article26

1.AllStatesshallbeentitledtolaysubmarinecablesandpipelinesonthebedofthehighseas.

2.Subjecttoitsrighttotakereasonablemeasuresfortheexplorationofthecontinentalshelfandtheexploitationofitsnaturalresources,thecoastalStatemaynotimpedethelayingormaintenanceofsuchcablesorpipelines.

3.Whenlayingsuchcablesorpi

pelinestheStateinquestionshallpaydueregardtocablesorpipelinesalreadyinpositionontheseabed.Inparticular,possibilitiesofrepairingexistingcablesorpipelinesshallnotbeprejudiced.

Article27

EveryStateshalltakethenecessarylegislativemeasurestoprovidethatthebreakingorinjurybyashipflyingitsflagorbyapersonsubjecttoitsjurisdictionofasubmarinecablebeneaththehighseasdonewilfullyorthroughculpablenegligence,insuchamannerastobeliabletointerruptorobstructtelegraphicortelephoniccommunications,andsimilarlythebreakingorinjuryofasubmarinepipelineorhigh-voltagepowercableshallbeapunishableoffence.Thisprovisionshallnotapplytoanybreakorinjurycausedbypersonswhoactedmerelywiththelegitimateobjectofsavingtheirlivesortheirships,afterhavingtakenallnecessaryprecautionstoavoidsuchbreakorinjury.

Article28

EveryStateshalltakethenecessarylegislativemeasurestoprovidethat,ifpersonssubjecttoitsjurisdictionwhoaretheownersofacableorpipelinebeneaththehighseas,inlayingorrepairingthatcableorpipeline,causeabreakinorinjurytoanothercableorpipeline,theyshallbearthecostoftherepairs.

Article29

EveryStateshalltakethenecessarylegislativemeasurestoensurethattheownersofshipswhocanprovethattheyhavesacrificedananchor,anetoranyotherfishinggear,inordertoavoidinjuringasubmarinecableorpipeline,shallbeindemnifiedbytheownerofthecableorpipeline,providedthattheowneroftheshiphastakenallreasonableprecautionarymeasuresbeforehand.

Article30

TheprovisionsofthisConventionshallnotaffectConventionsorotherinternationalagreementsalreadyinforce,asbetweenStatesPartiestothem.

Article31

ThisConventionshall,untilOctober31,1958,beopenforsignaturebyallStatesMembersoftheUnitedNationsorofanyoftheSpecialisedAgenciesandbyanyotherStateinvitedbytheGeneralAssemblytobecomeaPartytotheConvention.

Article32

ThisConventionissubjecttoratification.TheinstrumentsofratificationshallbedepositedwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.

Article33

ThisConventionshallbeopenforaccessionbyanyStatesbelongingtoanyofthecategoriesmentionedinArticle31.TheinstrumentsofaccessionshallbedepositedwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.

Article34

1.ThisConventionshallcomeintoforceonthethirtiethdayfollowingthedateofdepositofthetwenty-secondinstrumentofratificationoraccessionwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations.

2.ForeachStateratifyingoraccedingtotheConventionafterthedepositofthetwenty-secondinstrumentofratificationoraccession,theConventionshallenterintoforceonthethirtiethdayafterdepositbysuchStateofitsinstrumentsofratificationoraccession.

Article35

1.AftertheexpirationofaperiodoffiveyearsfromthedateonwhichthisConventionshallenterintoforcearequestfortherevisionofthisConventionmaybemadeatanytimebyanyContractingPartybymeansofanotificationinwritingaddressedtotheSecretary-General.

2.TheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsshalldecideuponthesteps,ifany,tobetakeninrespectofsuchrequest.

Article36

TheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsshallinformallStatesMembersoftheUnitedNationsandtheotherStatesreferredtoinArticle31:

(a)OfsignaturestothisConventionandofthedepositofinstrumentsofratificationoraccession,inaccordancewithArticles31,32and33;

(b)OfthedateonwhichthisConventionwillcomeintoforce,inaccordancewithArticle34;

(c)Ofrequestsforrevisioninaccordance

withArticle35.

Article37

TheoriginalofthisConventionofwhichtheChinese,English,French,RussianandSpanishtextsareequallyauthentic,shallbedepositedwiththeSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationswhoshallsendcertifiedcopiesthereoftoallStatesreferredtoinArticle31.

INWITNESSWHEREOFtheundersignedPlenipotentiaries,beingdulyauthorisedtheretobytheirrespectiveGovernments,havesignedthisConvention.

DONEATGENEVA,thistwenty-ninthdayofAprilonethousandninehundredandfiftyeight.

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